Lithographic apparatus, radiation system and filter system

ABSTRACT

A filter system for filtering debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by a radiation source of a lithographic apparatus includes a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and a first heat sink and a second heat sink. Each foil of the first set is thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set is thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set. The first set extend substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second set extend substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section. The first and second sections are substantially non-overlapping.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/639,319, filed on Dec. 28, 2004, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a lithographic apparatus, a radiation system and a filter system.

BACKGROUND

A lithographic apparatus is a machine that applies a desired pattern onto a substrate, usually onto a target portion of the substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In that instance, a patterning device, which is alternatively referred to as a mask or a reticle, may be used to generate a circuit pattern to be formed on an individual layer of the IC. This pattern can be transferred onto a target portion (e.g. including part of, one, or several dies) on a substrate (e.g. a silicon wafer). Transfer of the pattern is typically via imaging onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on the substrate. In general, a single substrate will contain a network of adjacent target portions that are successively patterned. Known lithographic apparatus include so-called steppers, in which each target portion is irradiated by exposing an entire pattern onto the target portion at one time, and so-called scanners, in which each target portion is irradiated by scanning the pattern through a radiation beam in a given direction (the “scanning”-direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. It is also possible to transfer the pattern from the patterning device to the substrate by imprinting the pattern onto the substrate.

In a lithographic apparatus, the size of features that can be imaged onto the substrate is limited by the wavelength of the projection radiation. To produce integrated circuits with a higher density of devices, and hence higher operating speeds, it is desirable to image smaller features. While most current lithographic projection apparatus employ ultraviolet light generated by mercury lamps or excimer lasers, it has been proposed to use shorter wavelength radiation, in the range of 5 to 20 nm, in particular around 13 nm.

Such radiation is termed extreme ultra violet (EUV) or soft X-ray and possible sources include, for example, laser produced plasma sources, discharge plasma sources, or synchrotron radiation from electron storage rings. These types of radiation need the beam path in the apparatus be evacuated to avoid beam scatter and absorption. Because there is no known material suitable for making a refractive optical element for EUV radiation, EUV lithographic apparatus must use mirrors in the radiation (illumination) and projection systems. Even multilayer mirrors for EUV radiation have relatively low reflectivities and are highly susceptible to contamination, further reducing there reflectivities and hence throughput of the apparatus. This may impose further specifications on the vacuum level to be maintained and may necessitate especially that hydrocarbon partial pressures be kept very low.

In a typical discharge plasma source, plasma is formed by an electrical discharge. The plasma may then be caused to compress so that it becomes highly ionized and reaches a very high temperature, thereby causing the emission of EUV radiation. The material used to produce the EUV radiation is typically xenon or lithium vapor, although other gases such as krypton or tin or water, may also be used. However, these gases may have a relatively high absorption of radiation within the EUV range and/or be damaging to optics further downstream of the projection beam and their presence should therefore be minimized in the remainder of the lithographic apparatus. A discharge plasma source is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,897 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,795, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In a laser produced plasma source, a jet of, for example, (clustered) xenon may be ejected from a nozzle, for example produced from an ink-jet like nozzle as droplets or thin wire. At some distance from the nozzle, the jet is irradiated with a laser pulse of a suitable wavelength for creating a plasma that subsequently will radiate EUV radiation. Other materials, such as water droplets, ice particles, lithium or tin, etc. may also be ejected from a nozzle and be used for EUV generation. In an alternative laser-produced plasma source an extended solid (or liquid) material is irradiated to create a plasma for EUV radiation. Laser produced plasma sources are, for example, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,459,771, U.S. Pat. No. 4,872,189 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,577,092, incorporated herein by reference.

During generation of EUV radiation particles are released. These particles, hereinafter referred to as debris particles, include ions, atoms, molecules and small droplets. These particles should be filtered out of the EUV radiation, as these particles may be detrimental to the performance and/or the lifetime of the lithographic apparatus, in particular the illumination and projection system thereof.

International Patent Application Publication No. WO 99/42904, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a filter that is, in use, situated in a path along which the radiation propagates away from the source. The filter may thus be placed between the radiation source and, for example, the illumination system. The filter includes a plurality of foils or plates that, in use, trap debris particles, such as atoms and microparticles. Also, clusters of such microparticles may be trapped by these foils or plates. These foils or plates are orientated such that the radiation can still propagate through the filter. The plates may be flat or conical and may be arranged radially around the radiation source. The source, the filter and the projection system may be arranged in a buffer gas, for example, krypton, whose pressure is about 0.5 torr. Contaminant particles then take on the temperature of the buffer gas, for example, room temperature thereby sufficiently reducing the particles velocity before the end of the filter. This enhanced the likelihood that the particles are trapped by the foils. The pressure in this known contaminant trap is about equal to that of its environment, when such a buffer gas is applied.

International Patent Application Publication No. WO 03/034153, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a contaminant trap that includes a first set of foils and a second set of foils, such that radiation leaving the source first passes the first set of foils and then the second set of foils. The plates, or foils, of the first and second set define a first set of channels and a second set of channels, respectively. The two sets of channels are spaced apart leaving between them a space into which flushing gas is supplied by a gas supply. An exhaust system may be provided to remove gas from the contaminant trap. The pressure of the gas and the space between the two sets of channels may be relatively high so that debris particles are efficiently slowed down, further enhancing the likelihood that debris particles are trapped by the second set of foils. The first and second set of channels provide a resistance to the gas when the gas moves from the space between the two sets of channels in the channels of either the first or the second set. Hence, the presence of the gas is more or less confined to the space between the two sets of channels.

Even though the platelets or foils are positioned such that radiation diverging from the radiation source can easily pass through the contaminant trap, the foils or platelets do absorb some EUV radiation and, therefore, some heat. Moreover, these foils are heated by colliding debris particles. This may result in a significant heating of the foils and heating of a supporting structure which supports the foils. This may lead to thermal expansion of the foils and of the supporting structure. As optical transmission of the contaminant trap is very important in a lithographic apparatus, the deformation of a foil due to thermal expansion of the foil should be minimized.

European Patent Application Publication No. EP 1 434 098 addresses this problem by providing a contamination barrier, i.e. a foil trap or contaminant trap, that includes an inner ring and an outer ring in which each of the foils or plates is slidably positioned at at least one of its outer ends in grooves of at least one of the inner ring and outer ring. By slidably positioning one of the outer ends of the foils or plates, the foils or plate can expand in a radial direction without the appearance of mechanical tension, and thus without thermally induced deformation of the plate or foil. The contamination trap may include a cooling system arranged to cool one of the rings to which the plate or foils are thermally connected.

The foil of the contamination trap as proposed in European Patent Application Publication No. EP 1 434 098 may still become very hot. At high temperatures of the foil, the debris particles may be released from the foil due to, for example, desorption and/or evaporation. This holds especially when Sn is deposited as debris on the foils.

SUMMARY

It is desirable to provide a lithographic apparatus having a filter system, a radiation system having a filter system and/or a filter system itself, wherein the maximum temperature the filter system is in use likely to reach, is lower than the maximum temperature a filter known from the prior art is likely to reach under comparable operational circumstances.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a lithographic apparatus comprising: a radiation system configured to form a projection beam of radiation, and a projection system configured to project the projection beam of radiation onto a substrate. The radiation system comprises: a radiation source that emits radiation; a filter system arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by the radiation source, wherein the filter system includes at least a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles; and an illumination system configured to form the radiation emitted by the radiation source to a conditioned radiation beam. The filter system further comprises at least a first heat sink and a second heat sink, wherein each foil of the first set is thermally connected to the first heat sink and each foil of the second set is thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that, in use, through each foil of the first set heat is conducted towards substantially the first heat sink, and through each foil of the second set heat is conducted towards substantially the second heat sink, and wherein the first set of foils extends substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section and wherein the second set of foils extends substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided, a radiation system configured to form a beam of radiation, comprising: a radiation source that emits radiation; a filter system arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by the radiation source, wherein the filter system includes at least a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and an illumination system configured to form the radiation emitted by the radiation source to a conditioned radiation beam. The filter system further comprises at least a first heat sink and a second heat sink, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils is thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that, in use, through each foil of the first set heat is conducted towards substantially the first heat sink, and through each foil of the second set heat is conducted towards substantially the second heat sink, and wherein the first set of foils extends substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section and the second set of foils extends substantially in a second set of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping.

According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a filter system for filtering debris particles out of a radiation beam which is usable for lithography, in particular EUV lithography. The filter system is arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by a radiation source, and includes at least a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and at least a first heat sink and a second heat sink. Each foil of the first set of foils is connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of oils is connected to the second heat sink, so that, in use through each foil of the first set heat is conducted towards substantially the first heat sink, and through each foil of the second set heat is conducted towards substantially the second heat sink. The first set of foils extends substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section and the second set of foils extends substantially in a second set of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping.

As according to each of the above-mentioned aspects of the invention, the predetermined cross-section of the radiation as emitted by a source is divided into at least two non-overlapping sections, and each of these sections comprise a different set of foils, the foils of each of these sets do not necessarily have to extend such that the full predetermined cross-section is covered by one set of foils. This allows for the possibility to use relatively short foils. Using short foils means that per foil a relatively small amount of heat needs to transferred to the heat sink to which that foil is thermally connected. This, on its turn, means that each foil, that is, when each foil is a relatively short foil, will in use reach a maximum temperature which is low as compared to the temperature reached by a foil that is relatively long, i.e. belongs to a set of foils that “crosses” the entire predetermined cross-section.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts, and in which:

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a lithographic apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 9 schematically depicts a part of a lithographic apparatus, of a radiation system, and a filter system according to an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically depicts a lithographic apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention. The apparatus comprises an illumination system (illuminator) IL configured to condition a radiation beam B (e.g. UV radiation, EUV radiation or X-ray radiation); a support structure (e.g. a mask table) MT constructed to support a patterning device (e.g. a mask) MA and connected to a first positioner PM configured to accurately position the patterning device in accordance with certain parameters; a substrate table (e.g. a wafer table) WT constructed to hold a substrate (e.g. a resist-coated wafer) W and connected to a second positioner PW configured to accurately position the substrate in accordance with certain parameters; and a projection system (e.g. a refractive projection lens system) PS configured to project a pattern imparted to the radiation beam B by patterning device MA onto a target portion C (e.g. comprising one or more dies) of the substrate W.

The illumination system may include various types of optical components, such as refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrostatic or other types of optical components, or any combination thereof, for directing, shaping, or controlling radiation.

The support structure supports, i.e. bears the weight of, the patterning device. It holds the patterning device in a manner that depends on the orientation of the patterning device, the design of the lithographic apparatus, and other conditions, such as for example whether or not the patterning device is held in a vacuum environment. The support structure can use mechanical, vacuum, electrostatic or other clamping techniques to hold the patterning device. The support structure may be a frame or a table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required. The support structure may ensure that the patterning device is at a desired position, for example with respect to the projection system. Any use of the terms “reticle” or “mask” herein may be considered synonymous with the more general term “patterning device.”

The term “patterning device” as used herein should be broadly interpreted as referring to any device that can be used to impart a radiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section such as to create a pattern in a target portion of the substrate. It should be noted that the pattern imparted to the radiation beam may not exactly correspond to the desired pattern in the target portion of the substrate, for example if the pattern includes phase-shifting features or so called assist features. Generally, the pattern imparted to the radiation beam will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit.

The patterning device may be transmissive or reflective. Examples of patterning devices include masks, programmable mirror arrays, and programmable LCD panels. Masks are well known in lithography, and include mask types such as binary, alternating phase-shift, and attenuated phase-shift, as well as various hybrid mask types. An example of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of small mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted so as to reflect an incoming radiation beam in different directions. The tilted mirrors impart a pattern in a radiation beam which is reflected by the mirror matrix.

The term “projection system” as used herein should be broadly interpreted as encompassing any type of projection system, including refractive, reflective, catadioptric, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrostatic optical systems, or any combination thereof, as appropriate for the exposure radiation being used, or for other factors such as the use of an immersion liquid or the use of a vacuum. Any use of the term “projection lens” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general term “projection system”.

As here depicted, the apparatus is of a reflective type (e.g. employing a reflective mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may be of a transmissive type (e.g. employing a transmissive mask).

The lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two (dual stage) or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such “multiple stage” machines the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposure.

The lithographic apparatus may also be of a type in which at least a portion of the substrate may be covered by a liquid having a relatively high refractive index, e.g. water, so as to fill a space between the projection system and the substrate. An immersion liquid may also be applied to other spaces in the lithographic apparatus, for example, between the mask and the projection system. Immersion techniques are well known in the art for increasing the numerical aperture of projection systems. The term “immersion” as used herein does not mean that a structure, such as a substrate, must be submerged in liquid, but rather only means that liquid is located between the projection system and the substrate during exposure.

Referring to FIG. 1, the illuminator IL receives a radiation beam from a radiation source SO. In a path along which radiation propagates from the source SO towards the illuminator IL, a filter system FS is provided. The filter system FS substantially transmits the radiation and filters debris particles out of the radiation. The source and the lithographic apparatus may be separate entities, for example when the source is an excimer laser. In such cases, the source is not considered to form part of the lithographic apparatus and the radiation beam is passed from the source SO to the illuminator IL with the aid of a beam delivery system including, for example, suitable directing mirrors and/or a beam expander. In other cases the source may be an integral part of the lithographic apparatus, for example when the source is a mercury lamp. The source SO and the illuminator IL, together with the beam delivery system if required, may be referred to as a radiation system.

The illuminator IL may include an adjuster for adjusting the angular intensity distribution of the radiation beam. Generally, at least the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in a pupil plane of the illuminator can be adjusted. In addition, the illuminator IL may include various other components, such as an integrator and a condenser. The illuminator may be used to condition the radiation beam, to have a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.

The radiation beam B is incident on the patterning device (e.g., mask MA), which is held on the support structure (e.g., mask table MT), and is patterned by the patterning device. Having traversed the mask MA, the radiation beam B passes through the projection system PS, which focuses the beam onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioner PW and position sensor IF2 (e.g. an interferometric device, linear encoder or capacitive sensor), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the radiation beam B. Similarly, the first positioner PM and another position sensor IF1 can be used to accurately position the mask MA with respect to the path of the radiation beam B, e.g. after mechanical retrieval from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the mask table MT may be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which form part of the first positioner PM. Similarly, movement of the substrate table WT may be realized using a long-stroke module and a short-stroke module, which form part of the second positioner PW. In the case of a stepper (as opposed to a scanner) the mask table MT may be connected to a short-stroke actuator only, or may be fixed. Mask MA and substrate W may be aligned using mask alignment marks M1, M2 and substrate alignment marks P1, P2. Although the substrate alignment marks as illustrated occupy dedicated target portions, they may be located in spaces between target portions (these are known as scribe-lane alignment marks). Similarly, in situations in which more than one die is provided on the mask MA, the mask alignment marks may be located between the dies.

The depicted apparatus may be used in at least one of the following modes:

1. In step mode, the mask table MT and the substrate table WT are kept essentially stationary, while an entire pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C at one time (i.e. a single static exposure). The substrate table WT is then shifted in the X and/or Y direction so that a different target portion C can be exposed. In step mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the size of the target portion C imaged in a single static exposure.

2. In scan mode, the mask table MT and the substrate table WT are scanned synchronously while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C (i.e. a single dynamic exposure). The velocity and direction of the substrate table WT relative to the mask table MT may be determined by the (de-)magnification and image reversal characteristics of the projection system PS. In scan mode, the maximum size of the exposure field limits the width (in the non-scanning direction) of the target portion in a single dynamic exposure, whereas the length of the scanning motion determines the height (in the scanning direction) of the target portion.

3. In another mode, the mask table MT is kept essentially stationary holding a programmable patterning device, and the substrate table WT is moved or scanned while a pattern imparted to the radiation beam is projected onto a target portion C. In this mode, generally a pulsed radiation source is employed and the programmable patterning device is updated as required after each movement of the substrate table WT or in between successive radiation pulses during a scan. This mode of operation can be readily applied to maskless lithography that utilizes programmable patterning device, such as a programmable mirror array of a type as referred to above.

Combinations and/or variations on the above described modes of use or entirely different modes of use may also be employed.

FIG. 2 schematically depicts a filter system FS which is arranged to filter, in use, debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation as emitted by a source (not shown). The filter system FS of FIG. 2 is shown as viewed from a predetermined position that is, in use, intended to coincide with a position from which the source generates radiation. The foils F1, F2 are represented by lines for a reason, which will be discussed below. In this example, the predetermined cross-section is a section of the filter system FS as extending between a part referred to as S1 and a part referred to as S2. In this example, the predetermined cross-sections is thus a substantially ring-shaped cross-section. The filter system FS includes a first set of foils F1 and a second set of foils F2 for trapping the debris particles. Each foil F1 of the first set is thermally connected to a support S1, in this case, a first ring FR. Each foil F2 of the second set is thermally connected to a support S2, in this case, second ring SR. The first ring FR and the second ring SR are spatially separated and have the same axis RA. Each foil F1 of the first set extends towards the second ring SR, and each foil F2 of the second set extends towards the first ring FR. In other words, the support S1 may be ring-shaped, and the support SR may also be ring-shaped. Each foil F1 of the first set of foils F1 is, for example, soldered to the support S1. Each foil F2 of the second set of foils F2 is for example soldered to the support S2. The foils F1, F2 may be made of a material including substantially molybdenum. The supports may also be made of a material including substantially molybdenum.

The filter system FS further includes a first heat sink HS1 and a second heat sink HS2. Each foil F1 of the first set is thermally connected to the first heat sink HS1 and each foil F2 of the second set is thermally connected to the second heat sink HS2. A possible construction of such heat sinks is further discussed below. In use, through each foil F1 of the first set, heat is conducted towards substantially the first heat sink HS1. Through each foil F2 of the second set, heat is conducted towards substantially the second heat sink HS2. The first set of foils F1 extends substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section and the second set of foils F2 extends substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section. The first section includes all foils F1 of the first set and the second section includes all foils F2 of the second set. The first section and the second section are substantially non-overlapping.

It can be seen in FIG. 2 that the foils F1, F2 may be much shorter as compared to a situation in which each foil would extend from support S1 towards support S2. The amount of heat per foil F1, F2 to be transferred towards the respective heat sink is much less as compared to the amount of heat that would have to be transferred to a heat sink in a situation where a foil were to be connected to one of the supports S1 or S2 and where to foil were to extend over the full distance between the support S1 and the support S2 to which it may or may not be connected.

For structural strength of the foils F1, F2 and/or for spacing the foils F1, F2 equally, substantially thermally insulating and relatively stiff wires may connect the free ends of the foils F1, F2. For the sake of clarity these wires are not shown in any of the Figures.

It is also possible, as shown in FIGS. 2-5, that the foils F1, F2 of the first set and the second set, respectively, are apart from their connection with respective heat sink HS1, HS2 unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system FS. This allows for a good optical transmission of the filter system FS, as well as a single path per foil for conducting heat away from the respective foil. The relative dimensions of the first and second section, as well as the relative dimensions of the first foils F1 and the second foils F2, may be chosen such that each position of the filter system FS remains, in use, below a predetermined maximum temperature when, in use, exposed to the radiation beam. Also, the cooling power of the respective heat sinks HS1, HS2 may be chosen such that each position of the filter system FS remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam. In general, the filter system FS may thus be arranged such that each position of the filter system FS remains below that predetermined maximum temperature. Below a possible construction of the heat sinks HS1, HS2 will be further elaborated on.

As shown in FIG. 2 one foil F1 of the first set and one foil F2 of the second set extend in substantially the same virtual plane. A distance in that virtual plane between the foil F1 of the first set and the foil F2 of the second set is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil F1 of the first set and the foil F2 of the second set when, in use, the foil F1 of the first set and the foil F2 of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures. This means that when, for each foil, their maximum thermal expansion is reached, the foils within one virtual plane will still not thermally connect. Each foil F1, F2 coincides with a virtual plane that extends through the predetermined position which is in use intended to coincide with a source (not shown) from which the radiation is generated. Hence, the foils F1, F2 are represented by lines in FIG. 2-FIG. 5. In use, the radiation will thus propagate along the foils F1, F2.

As the foils F1, F2 of a filter system FS according to an embodiment of the invention will remain below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to, for example, EUV radiation, it is possible to design the filter system such that the predetermined temperature is below the temperature at which, for example, tin droplets, formed by tin debris particles, will evaporate away from the foils F1, F2 when the foil is heated up.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a filter system according to the invention in which a foil F1 of the first set extends for a relatively small part between two foils F2 of the second set, and vice versa. This may have the advantage that a sudden peak in optical transmission due to the gap present between the foils F1 of the first set and the foils F2 of the second set, as will occur in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, will not occur in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. Furthermore, if the filter system FS were to be rotated around a rotation axis RA, there would not be an angular section present in the predetermined cross-section through which debris particles may move along a direction into which the radiation propagates without being intercepted by the foils F1, F2. It is possible to apply a number of second foils F2 that is smaller than the number of applied first foils F1, so as to allow a similar distance between all the foils F1, F2.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a filter system FS according to the invention in which a gap remains possible between a first foil F1 and a second foil F2, both extending within the same virtual plane. However, as the lengths of the foils F1, and the lengths of the foils F2 alternate in a tangential direction, each gap between a first foil F1 and a second foil F2 is “covered” by either a first foil F1 or a second foil F2 when the filter system rotates around the rotation axis RA.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a filter system FS according to the invention in which both the first set of foils F1 and the second set of foils F2 are more or less randomly distributed over, respectively, the first section and the second section of the predetermined cross-section. This may have the advantage that a possible inhomogeneity in the optical transmission of the filter system FS is more or less spread out over the entire predetermined cross-section. In other words, some peaks in optical transmission may still occur, but the relative height may be much lower. As indicated before, at least a part of the filter system FS may be movable such that each foil F1 of the first set and/or each foil F2 of the second set may, in use, catch debris particles actively by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path along which the radiation propagates.

FIGS. 6 and 7 both show a part of an embodiment of a filter system according to the invention. FIGS. 6 and 7 may both be regarded as a side view, in relation to FIGS. 2-5. The first support S1, in this case the first ring FR, is shown to have a conical shape. The second support S2, in this case the second ring SR, is shown to be cylindrical in shape. It is, of course, also possible that the second ring SR is conically in shape. FIGS. 6 and 7 show a cross-section along a line I-I, which is shown in each of the FIGS. 2-5. Also is shown that the rotational axis RA may extend along a virtual line VL and that a source SO may be positioned such that it coincides with the line VL. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the predetermined cross-sections may include foils F extending from first ring FR to the second ring SR and being connected to at least first ring FR or second ring SR as shown in FIG. 7. However, as shown in FIG. 7, the predetermined cross-section may also include two sets of foils F1, F2 in one of the fashions shown in FIGS. 2-5. It also applies to at least one foil extending between support S1 and support S2 that this foil coincides with a straight virtual plane, that extends through the predetermined position, i.e. the position which in use coincides with the source SO.

For the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, it further holds that between the foil and the predetermined position, in use, coinciding with a source SO, a tensed wire TW extends within the aforementioned straight virtual plane. This means that radiation propagating from the source SO that would hit the foil if the tensed wire TW were not present, will now hit, and heat, the tensed wire TW, instead of that foil. As a result, the foil will be in the shadow of the tensed wire TW, will not absorb (EUV) radiation, and will consequently not be heating up due to absorbance of (EUV) radiation. This significantly reduces the temperature that the foil will reach under operational circumstances.

The tensed wire TW may be connected to the foil F. It may, for example, apply that a frontal part of a foil is effectively a tensed wire by providing a row of perforations between that frontal part and a remaining part of the foil.

As shown in FIG. 6, it is possible that the tensed wire TW is held tight by a resilient element RE, such as a spring. It is possible that the tensed wire TW is thermally insulated from the foil F. The tensed wire TW may be made out of a material that includes tantalum and/or tungsten if the wire is not an integral part of the foil.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the tensed wire TW extends fully along a diameter of the first ring FR. As shown in FIG. 7, it is possible that two tensed wires TW are used. Each tensed wire TW may extend from a position on the first support S1 to a closest position on the second support S2.

FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show in more detail how the heat sink HS1 and the heat sink HS2 may be constructed. Each of the heat sinks HS1 and HS2 comprises support S1 and support S2, respectively, as well as a cooling system CS1 and CS2, respectively. It is possible that part S1 and part S2 both belong to one ring-shaped support.

FIG. 8 may be seen as showing a schematic cross-section of such a ring-shaped support. A symmetry axis SA is schematically represented by line L. Foil F1 and foil F2 may both be connected to an axis of the support. In that case, this axis may coincide with line L. However, it is also possible that foil F1 and foil F2 are not connected to each other, as will be shown later. In an embodiment where the support, including support parts S1 and S2, is ring-shaped, symmetry axis SA may coincide with a virtual straight line that extends through a predetermined position that is intended to coincide with a source from which radiation is generated.

It is further possible that foil F1 and foil F2 are connected, i.e. form together one foil. It is in such an embodiment possible that support S1 and support S2 are separated supports, separated by the foil. For example, support S1 may represent a cross-section of an outer ring, while support S2 represents a cross-section of an inner ring. In that situation, line L does not represent a symmetry-axis.

It is also possible that line L represents a plane of symmetry and that the filter system includes a plurality of foils that are parallel to each other.

The filter system includes a cooling system CS. This cooling system CS may include parts CS1 and CS2.

In cases where the respective support is ring-shaped, the respective cooling system CS may also be ring-shaped. Line L may in some embodiments thus also represent the symmetry axis of the cooling system CS. For a further description of the part of the filter system shown in FIG. 8, reference is only made to the upper part, i.e. above line L. The description of the upper part also holds for the lower part.

The cooling system CS1 has a surface A1 that is arranged to be cooled. The cooling system CS1 and the support S1 are positioned with respect to each other such that a gap G is formed between the surface A1 of the cooling system CS1 and the support S1. The cooling system CS1 is further arranged to inject gas into the gap G. The gas and its flow direction are indicated by dotted arrows. The path P between an entrance position EP at which the gas enters the gap G and an exit position XP from which the gas exits the gap G, forms in the embodiment shown in FIG. 8 a meandering path P. As the path P is a meandering path, gas injected into the gap experiences a large resistance when flowing from the entrance position EP towards the exit position XP. Such a meandering path provides resistance to leakage of gas from the gap G towards its surroundings. It is also possible that the path is a straight path. The resistance experienced by the gas when moving towards exit position XP is then lower, as compared to the embodiment shown. The support S1 may be provided with a recess R1 for holding the gas before the gas exits gap G. The pressure in this recess may be about 1000 Pa, whereas the pressure of the surrounding may be about 10 Pa. The recess R1 may thus provide a buffer in which injected gas cools the support S1.

The gap G may be such that a smallest distance between the surface A1 and the support S1 is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers. The gap may also be such that the smallest distance between the surface A1 and the support S1 is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers.

The surface A1 of the cooling system CS1 is arranged to be cooled with a fluid. For this purpose, the cooling system CS1 may include a channel that extends in a subsurface of surface A1. In use, water, that is relatively cool water, may enter channel entrance CEA and run through the channel C, and leave the channel at channel exit CX. In that case, the subsurface of surface A1 will be cooled with water still about as cool as the water that enters the channel C at channel entrance CEA. The cooling system CS1 may also be arranged to cool the gas before injecting the gas into the gap G. Instead of having an entrance for water at a position indicated by channel entrance CEA, it may be advantageous to let water into the channel at a position indicated by CEG, so that water first runs along an injection channel IC through which in use gas is injected into the gap G. This allows for cooling the gas in the injection channel IC or for further keeping the gas cool in the injection channel in cases where the gas has been cooled before entering the injection channel IC. It is, of course, also possible that the injection channel IC and the surface A1 are cooled by independent cooling mechanisms.

Instead of using water, any other suitable cooling medium may be used. Although not shown, it will be clear that entrances and exits of channel C are connected with supplies and exhausts, respectively, such that no water and/or any other cooling medium used for cooling the cooling system will enter the surroundings of the cooling system and/or the filter system. Gas injected via injection channel IC into the gap G may be argon, or any other gas that has good cooling properties and is relatively inert.

When the filter system is exposed to EUV radiation and filters debris particles out of the path along which the EUV radiation propagates towards a collection system, and the filter system rotates at about 3,000 rpm in a vacuum environment, the foils and their support(s) are likely to absorb about 1 kW of power as a result of absorption of EUV radiation, and impact of debris particles on foils. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it is indicated that it is possible to remove an amount of heat equal to about 1.3 kW when argon gas is injected into the gap G such that a pressure of 1000 Pa in the recess R1 is reached, the temperature difference between the support and the cooled surface of the cooling system CS1 is about 200 K, and the surface A1 includes an area of about 1.26*10⁻² m². The heat transfer coefficient in this connection is taken to be about 0.7 W/m²*K*Pa and the efficiency is assumed to be about 0.85. The shortest distance between the support S1 and the surface A1 in the gap is assumed to be between about 40 and about 100 micrometers. Pressure in the surroundings may in that case be about 10 mbar. In this assessment, the material of which the support is made, is assumed to be stainless steel having a thickness of about 2 cm and a diameter of about 200 mm.

FIG. 9 depicts another part of a lithographic apparatus, radiation system, and filter system according to an embodiment of the invention. In this situation, the support S1 and S2 include parts of a ring-shaped support that is rotatably arranged around a symmetry axis SA and a cooling system CS, which may, in use, remain stationary with respect to the support of which parts S1 and S2 are schematically shown. The foils F1, F2 extend radially with respect to the symmetry axis SA. There may be one injection channel IC, splitting in a part leading towards recess R1 and a part leading toward recess R2. Further structural features are the same as depicted in FIG. 8. The cooling system CS shown in FIG. 9 works the same as the cooling system shown in FIG. 8. It is possible that the support S1, S2 is rotatable due to a driving mechanism that transmits forces towards an outer ring (not shown) to which the foils F1, F2 in such an embodiment are connected. However, it also possible that the support S1, S2 are actually connected to cooling system CS via, for example, thermally insulating connections, and that the cooling system CS drives rotation of the support S1, S2. In this latter embodiment it is not necessarily the case that the foils F1, F2 are connected to, for example, an outer ring.

Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of lithographic apparatus in the manufacture of ICs, it should be understood that the lithographic apparatus described herein may have other applications, such as the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, flat-panel displays, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms “wafer” or “die” herein may be considered as synonymous with the more general terms “substrate” or “target portion”, respectively. The substrate referred to herein may be processed, before or after exposure, in for example a track (a tool that typically applies a layer of resist to a substrate and develops the exposed resist), a metrology tool and/or an inspection tool. Where applicable, the disclosure herein may be applied to such and other substrate processing tools. Further, the substrate may be processed more than once, for example in order to create a multi-layer IC, so that the term substrate used herein may also refer to a substrate that already contains multiple processed layers.

Although specific reference may have been made above to the use of embodiments of the invention in the context of optical lithography, it will be appreciated that the invention may be used in other applications, for example imprint lithography, and where the context allows, is not limited to optical lithography. In imprint lithography a topography in a patterning device defines the pattern created on a substrate. The topography of the patterning device may be pressed into a layer of resist supplied to the substrate whereupon the resist is cured by applying electromagnetic radiation, heat, pressure or a combination thereof. The patterning device is moved out of the resist leaving a pattern in it after the resist is cured.

The terms “radiation” and “beam” as used herein encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength of or about 365, 355, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and extreme ultra-violet (EUV) radiation (e.g. having a wavelength in the range of 5-20 nm).

The term “lens”, where the context allows, may refer to any one or combination of various types of optical components, including refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrostatic optical components.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. For example, the invention may take the form of a computer program containing one or more sequences of machine-readable instructions describing a method as disclosed above, or a data storage medium (e.g. semiconductor memory, magnetic or optical disk) having such a computer program stored therein.

The descriptions above are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Thus, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the invention as described without departing from the scope of the claims set out below. 

1. A lithographic apparatus comprising: a radiation system configured to form a projection beam of radiation comprising: (a) a radiation source that emits radiation; (b) a filter system arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by the radiation source, the filter system including a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and a first heat sink and a second heat sink, each foil of the first set of foils being thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils being thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set, the first set of foils extending substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second section of foils extending substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping; and (c) an illumination system configured to form the radiation emitted by the radiation source to a conditioned radiation beam; and a projection system configured to project the projection beam of radiation onto a substrate.
 2. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils is, apart from its connection with the respective heat sink, unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system.
 3. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the filter system is arranged such that substantially all of the filter system remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam.
 4. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and at least one foil of the second set of foils extend in substantially the same virtual plane.
 5. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a distance in the virtual plane between the foil of the first set of foils and the respective foil of the second set of foils is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set when the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures.
 6. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the virtual plane extends through a predetermined position that coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation.
 7. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a portion of at least one foil of the first set of foils extends between two foils of the second set of foils.
 8. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the filter system is movable such that each foil of the first set of foils and/or each foil of the second set of foils may actively catch debris particles by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path that the radiation propagates.
 9. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is connected to a first ring, and each foil of the second set of foils is connected to a second ring, the first ring and the second ring being spatially separated and having a common axis.
 10. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 9, wherein each foil of the first set of foils extends towards the second ring, and each foil of the second set of foils extends towards the first ring.
 11. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be actively cooled.
 12. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 11, wherein each of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be cooled independently of any other heat sink.
 13. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 11, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks includes at least one support for connection with each foil of either the first or the second set of foils, and wherein the radiation system further comprises a cooling system having a surface that is arranged to be cooled, the cooling system and the at least one support being positioned with respect to each other such that a gap is formed between the surface of the cooling system and the support, the cooling system further being arranged to inject gas into the gap.
 14. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a path between an entrance position at which the gas enters the gap and an exit position from which the gas exits the gap forms a meandering path.
 15. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the at least one support is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.
 16. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the support is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers.
 17. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the support is ring-shaped.
 18. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the support is rotatable.
 19. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be stationary with respect to the support.
 20. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be cooled with a fluid.
 21. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the fluid is water.
 22. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the gas is argon.
 23. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the support is provided with a recess for holding the gas before the gas flows through the gap.
 24. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the cooling system is arranged to cool the gas before injecting the gas into the gap.
 25. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils substantially coincides with a straight virtual plane that extends through a predetermined position that substantially coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation, wherein a tensed wire extends within the straight virtual plane between the at least one foil and the predetermined position.
 26. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is connected to the at least one foil.
 27. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is held tight by at least one spring element.
 28. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is thermally insulated from the at least one foil.
 29. A lithographic apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the tensed wire is made out of a material that comprises at least one of the metals of the group consisting of tantalum and tungsten.
 30. A radiation system configured to form a beam of radiation, comprising: a radiation source that emits radiation; a filter system arranged to filter debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by the radiation source, the filter system including a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and a first heat sink and a second heat sink, each foil of the first set of foils being thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils being thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set, the first set of foils extending substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second set of foils extending substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping; and an illumination system configured to form the radiation emitted by the radiation source to a conditioned radiation beam.
 31. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils is, apart from its connection with the respective heat sink, unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system.
 32. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein the filter system is arranged such that substantially all of the filter system remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam.
 33. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and at least one foil of the second set of foils extend in substantially the same virtual plane.
 34. A radiation system according to claim 33, wherein a distance in the virtual plane between the foil of the first set of foils and the respective foil of the second set of foils is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set when the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures.
 35. A radiation system according to claim 33, wherein the virtual plane extends though a predetermined position that coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation.
 36. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein a portion of at least one foil of the first set of foils extends between two foils of the second set of foils.
 37. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least a part of the filter system is movable such that each foil of the first set of foils and/or each foil of the second set of foils actively catch debris particles by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path that the radiation propagates.
 38. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is connected to a first ring, and each foil of the second set of foils is connected to a second ring, the first ring and the second ring being spatially separated and having a common axis.
 39. A radiation system according to claim 38, wherein each foil of the first set of foils extends towards the second ring, and each foil of the second set of foils extends towards the first ring.
 40. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be actively cooled.
 41. A radiation system according to claim 40, wherein each of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be cooled independently of any other heat sink.
 42. A radiation system according to claim 40, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks includes at least one support for connection with each foil of either the first or the second set of foils, and wherein the radiation system further comprises a cooling system having a surface that is arranged to be cooled, the cooling system and the at least one support being positioned with respect to each other such that a gap is formed between the surface of the cooling system and the support, the cooling system further being arranged to inject gas into the gap.
 43. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein a path between an entrance position at which the gas enters the gap and an exit position from which the gas exits the gap forms a meandering path.
 44. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the at least one support is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.
 45. A radiation system according to claim 44, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the support is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers.
 46. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the support is ring-shaped.
 47. A radiation system according to claim 46, wherein the support is rotatable.
 48. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be stationary with respect to the support.
 49. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be cooled with a fluid.
 50. A radiation system according to claim 49, wherein the fluid is water.
 51. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the gas is argon.
 52. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the support is provided with a recess for holding the gas before the gas flows through the gap.
 53. A radiation system according to claim 42, wherein the cooling system is arranged to cool the gas before injecting gas into the gap.
 54. A radiation system according to claim 30, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils substantially coincides with a straight virtual plane that extends through a predetermined position that substantially coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation, and wherein a tensed wire extends within the straight virtual plane between the at least one foil and the predetermined position.
 55. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is connected to the at least one foil.
 56. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is held tight by at least one spring element.
 57. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is thermally insulated from the at least one foil.
 58. A radiation system according to claim 54, wherein the tensed wire is made out of a material that comprises at least one of the metals of the group consisting of tantalum and tungsten.
 59. A filter system for filtering debris particles out of a predetermined cross-section of the radiation emitted by a radiation source of a lithographic apparatus, the filter system comprising: a first set of foils and a second set of foils for trapping the debris particles, and a first heat sink and a second heat sink, each foil of the first set of foils is thermally connected to the first heat sink, and each foil of the second set of foils is thermally connected to the second heat sink, so that heat is conducted substantially towards the first heat sink through each foil of the first set of foils, and heat is conducted substantially towards the second heat sink through each foil of the second set of foils, the first set of foils extending substantially in a first section of the predetermined cross-section, and the second set of foils extending substantially in a second section of the predetermined cross-section, the first section and the second section being substantially non-overlapping.
 60. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils is, apart from its connection with the respective heat sink, unconnected with respect to any other part of the filter system.
 61. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein the filter system is arranged such that substantially all of the filter system remains below a predetermined maximum temperature when exposed to the radiation beam.
 62. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and at least one foil of the second set of foils extend in substantially the same virtual plane.
 63. A filter system according to claim 62, wherein a distance in the virtual plane between the foil of the first set of foils and the respective foil of the second set of foils is selected so as to maintain a gap between the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set when the foil of the first set and the respective foil of the second set reach their respective maximum temperatures.
 64. A filter system according to claim 62, wherein the virtual plane extends though a predetermined position that coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation.
 65. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein a portion of at least one foil of the first set of foils extends between two foils of the second set of foils.
 66. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least a part of the filter system is movable such that each foil of the first set of foils and/or each foil of the second set of foils actively catches debris particles by intercepting debris particles in their course along a path along which the radiation propagates.
 67. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein each foil of the first set of foils is connected to a first ring, and each foil of the second set of foils is connected to a second ring, the first ring and the second ring being spatially separated and having a common axis.
 68. A filter system according to claim 67, wherein each foil of the first set of foils extends towards the second ring and each foil of the second set of foils extends towards the first ring.
 69. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be actively cooled.
 70. A filter system according to claim 69, wherein each of the first and second heat sinks is arranged to be cooled independently of any other heat sink.
 71. A filter system according to claim 69, wherein at least one of the first and second heat sinks includes at least one support for connection with each foil of either the first or the second set of foils, and wherein the filter system further comprises a cooling system having a surface that is arranged to be cooled, the cooling system and the at least one support being positioned with respect to each other such that a gap is formed between the surface of the cooling system and the support, the cooling system further being arranged to inject gas into the gap.
 72. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein a path between an entrance position at which the gas enters the gap and an exit position from which the gas exits the gap forms a meandering path.
 73. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the at least one support is in a range that varies from about 20 micrometers to about 200 micrometers.
 74. A filter system according to claim 73, wherein the gap is such that a smallest distance between the surface of the cooling system and the support is in a range that varies from about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers.
 75. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the support is ring-shaped.
 76. A filter system according to claim 75, wherein the support is rotatable.
 77. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be stationary with respect to the support.
 78. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the surface of the cooling system is arranged to be cooled with a fluid.
 79. A filter system according to claim 78, wherein the fluid is water.
 80. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the gas is argon.
 81. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the support is provided with a recess for holding the gas before the gas flows through the gap.
 82. A filter system according to claim 71, wherein the cooling system is arranged to cool the gas before injecting the gas into the gap.
 83. A filter system according to claim 59, wherein at least one foil of the first set of foils and/or at least one foil of the second set of foils substantially coincides with a straight virtual plane that extends through a predetermined position that substantially coincides with the position from which the radiation source emits radiation, wherein a tensed wire extends within the straight virtual plane between the at least one foil and the predetermined position.
 84. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is connected to the at least one foil.
 85. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is held tight by at least one spring element.
 86. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is thermally insulated from the at least one foil.
 87. A filter system according to claim 83, wherein the tensed wire is made out of a material that comprises at least one of the metals of the group consisting of tantalum and tungsten. 